Carp fish prefer warm water about 25 degrees Celsius and stagnant and can withstand varying temperatures, sexually mature in the spring from the second year of her life in terms of our country.
Carp feed on small animals that live in the mass of water (Plankton Plankton), which probably does not see with the naked eye. Or living on aquatic plants or bottom Kirqat mosquitoes (Belat) and small crustaceans and shellfish.
A fish called carp Bnabar in the province of Homs and sea in the provinces of Deir ez-Zor and tenderness Balchorb In some areas, as they were called Balmbrok in the United Arab Republic.
These fish are currently deployed in most of the watershed that were planted after his chicks improved experimental station in the jungle.
Good selection of land for pond construction:
Any land that can serve to create a basin of Education to achieve two basic conditions:
1 - The presence of sufficient water.
2 - to be low soil permeability.
And it can create a basin in the territory unsuitable for agriculture was to be marshy or rocky or saline. That the selection of the place helps to savings in the amount of water needed.
Water: should be free from industrial pollution as far as possible free too high concentration of human pollution (sewage of cities and populated areas). As for the conditions of the physical and chemical Most Syrian waters suitable for rearing fish except carp, including sulfur. Prefer to take water from the springs after the run at some distance to carry oxygen and air are heated by sunlight. The quantity of water needed to feed the farm area of one hectare of 3-4 liters / sec full-time in the broad education and 3 liters / seconds you have 20 kg fish / m 2 of a tub in the intensive education.
Soil: should be Gdharyp or entitlement to the entitlement or sand, and gravel soil sparsely limestone is often the non-impermeable. Are advised to refer to the competent departments for soil testing before the establishment of basins in large projects. Soils with acid reaction need large quantities of lime, or limestone soil so as to become a backslash to the alkaline reaction.
Location: prefer land that is easily take water to and discharged by the comfortable, and ideally should be ground on the slope of a simple water diverted from the region is high, and can be exchanged water into the riverbed or river in the region of low, as you prefer land away from populated areas due to cheap price and get rid of curious visitors who DISTURB calm the fish, one of the wild animals and nervous mood.
Pond construction:
Tub is a hole where water level control and drainage by the College. It consists of the walls and bottom, a bank and outlet water.
Wall: not recommended to build concrete walls in view of the high costs. Turabi, the wall takes shape of a pyramid minus the cross-section so that it is Milan and facial sufficient agent drifting soil water (Figure 2).
Prefer AC Milan 2:1 ratio or 3:1 depending on the type of soil and the height of the pyramid view Ktomtha incomplete must be at least a meter in bypasses the main paths must not be less than 3.5 m to facilitate the operation and transport them.
Favored the establishment of the wall by a sweeping machine to sweep dust from the center of the basin and Tzihaa to be used in the formation of the wall.
Bottom: dirt so easy to forsake holes where water collects and is tilted towards the bank.
Digging a large pond at the bottom of the basin streams all intended in a hole near the bank named a hole collecting fish (Fig. 3).
Called sewage channels draining the basin, as it would an acceleration in the drying basin and discharge water to the bank.
Bank: Created wooden or concrete or stone in the form or on the open section of the basin and established on the drainage canal basin extending within the wall (Figure 4). Provides each of the wall Bmjrien established by two-sided internal so that it can slide scoured wooden or iron it. Placed in the downstream steel mesh front allows the passage of water while preventing the passage of fish and it is different grille Eyes capacity according to the size of fish.
The purpose of the establishment of the bank is to control the water level in the basin add or decrease the number of Alschor it. As well as to divert the water basin without causing severe stream of water may lead to blockage of the eyes clamp from plants and waste located within the basin. Disposal of water from the basin based on the principle channels Almsttrqp
Outlet Water: Water is a channel or pipe carrying water from the river to the basin and prefer to pour water in the basin of the region corresponding to the bank.
Placed on a metal mesh water outlet to prevent the entry of exotic fish from the river or other aquatic animals or other aquatic plants and waste that are usually drenched in the course of the water.
Types of ponds:
A need for the fish farm from a number of types of basins each playing a particular purpose:
1 - Basin Hatchery: Basin small 4 × 6 م depth of 50 cm, cultivated plants located to the eggs. To Estaml Basin hatchery only for breeding and must remain dry throughout the year.
2 - Cuddling Basin: Basin unusual depth of one meter and is used to raise new chicks hatching until a length of about 8 cm and should not be used for other than this purpose. Area vary by the size of the farm and must Olaigl 15% of the entire pond surface to Olaesid half acres.
3 - fattening Basin: basin depth of about 2 m and vary depending on the area of capacity of the farm and the size of the project could be in the range between a quarter acres and two thousand acres.
4 - Basin storage: a small, deep basin into which the fish for marketing to move in turn to the markets.
5 - monitor developments Basin: Basin deep and put it in a small fish that'm shopping for in winter.
6 - Dock mothers: It is preferable to be widely adopted in which mothers on nutrition the natural production of eggs and chicks so good.
Education session:
In most areas of Syria that the cycle of Education for seven months since hatching in May and to the marketing of fish in November or December and include the following actions:
Hatching process: separating mothers in the beginning of March to be placed in the basin of males and females in the basin of another, or in the same basin, but the barrier is divided into two separate sections. Can be identified by male liquid milk-textures and color that comes out of the genital opening to the pressure gently on the abdomen and the movement of going from the head to the anus (massage).
In May or April, when the water temperature up to 20-20 degrees Celsius at night and Atnkhvd of 16 degrees Celsius, filling the early run hatchery water and the movement of the mothers at Fish females and four males, one of the basin. Egg-laying process is underway within 24 hours at the latest. Out after the mothers and returned to your aquarium. Process will continue to be the embryo 3-4 days after hatch Chick small length of about 8 mm.
Cuddling process: move Chicks by small private network made of cloth spinning rods, which prove to be the network of wood by a factor of gently into the water. Chicks placed group within the bucket or a pot large (bath) of zinc or plastic.
Estimated the number of fish in the container and transferred to the lap basin that filled with water before it a few days.
Fattening process: the movement of chicks resulting from the basin cuddling and called fingerlings to ponds for breeding. Being the transport of water by the discharge of the pelvis and collecting fish from a hole collecting fish washed away by a network of small dimensions 4 × 2 M almost.
Network used by employees or by a network spoon
Fingerlings are being counted accurately and distributed in the proportions defined in fattening ponds where fish remain until the end of the season with a gathering of marketing or storage in the basin so if your were not arrived for the size fit for consumption.
Course of Education for two years:
Movement of fish on the farm during the winter and have not marketed directly to the ponds and fattening in the month of March, so shopping in the winter following, or earlier if there was an urgent request from the market.
Percentage distribution of fish in ponds:
Vary according to fertility basin, water quality, temperature and the amount of exposure the area to air currents and temperature difference between day and night there.
In order to get the fish weighed an average of 1 kg at the end of the first year
Distribution must not exceed the following percentages:
Basins in the lap of the fingers 4000 per acre.
In Ohawwa z fattening fingers 400 per acre.
If the intention was to get small fish of Education for two-year cycle or with intent to sell to the breeding could increase the ratios mentioned above.
Access to fish suitable for marketing on the ratio of distribution of the above-mentioned items are not only if adequate attention to fish and ponds and provided additional food and were provided to all factors of production increase.
Increase factors of production:
1 - Drying: leave the ponds to dry for at least three months a year. The drought restore the fertile soil of the basin and eliminate factors rot in the soil. The basin cuddling Vtturk for at least six months dry.
2 - cultivate the bottom of the basins: from soil would be exposed to sunlight and air and have the same concept of farming land.
3 - control aquatic plants harmful: All plants above the water any stretching their leaves or stems on the surface or above the water sofas cane and Burda and a rose water from the noxious plants and also considers the plants under water and strings algae harmful if increased quantity and are impeding the movement of fish.
Plants cut by machete after reducing the level of water in the basin so that it can cut the plant above the soil directly from the worker standing in water or the assisted boat, while in the ponds must be large to carry out automated cutting devices allocated to it.
4 - against the enemies of fish: The frogs, which prey on small fish and Oalagaha as well as snakes and birds of prey risk factors which lead to a lack of production. Struggling all weapons of pressure or firearms, especially before the season hatched.
5 - calcination (add lime): an important factor to increase production, using lime to two fundamental purposes:
A - sterilization, especially after the drainage basin where sterilized soil with lime neighborhood spray a thin layer at 50 kg / donum.
B - Raising PH alkaline water basin for the center appropriate for the fish on the one hand and to increase the capacity of the basin to absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide at night when the plants along with animals being put to. The linkage of carbon dioxide with lime to prevent poisoning of fish tags.
In the daylight where the water plants in the basin representation Alikhaddori also offers a composite output lime (calcium bicarbonate) carbon dioxide necessary because the previous equation is reversible. Submit hydrated lime for this purpose by 50 kg / acre during the period of education. Has been shown that calcination increase the production of even the very time and a half.
6 - fertilization: provide fertilizer for the ponds sprayed directly on the surface of the water at the following rates and monthly payments equal:
- 50 kg superphosphate acre.
- 20 kg ammonia sulfate
- 30 kg ammonia nitrate
In the event of human infections in the waters of the basin or the water is very rich in organic matter should decrease the amount as aforesaid.
The purpose of fertilizer to help plants and primitive single-celled algae or primitive rapid proliferation. Since these organisms or animals living on the ruins provide a small, natural essential food for fish.
7 - green manuring: finding air plants that grow on the edge of ponds or cultivated by her side for this purpose sofas alfalfa and placed on small piles in the basin at a rate of four per acre 500 kg recurrence of such piles as disintegrated. Living on the ruins of these plants of other types of animals, mainly larvae of different insects, which constitute an important food for fish.
8 - Municipal fertilization: fertilization goes to the municipal (Roth livestock and poultry) before immersion pond water has the benefit and effect of chemical fertilizer and green manuring together. Distribute fertilizer evenly over the bottom of the basin average of 100 kg acre.
9 - Altaliev: the concept of feed for fish carp: consume food in fish as the other animals for growth and compensation or restoration and to ensure the ability kinetic and thermal and storage As the Carp take a feed plant can replace part of the salary, daily food through the feed cheap. While the remaining fish predators of any natural food for growth and repair. Advantage of fodder plant capacity and motor temperature for storage.
To be the natural food for growth and economic good, as available in this food together with article Alahip good and easy to digest vitamins and minerals necessary for growth. And by availability of natural food in ponds can be increased artificial feeding of forages and thus increase growth and thus production.
Coefficient of Nutrition:
Need 3-4 kg of feed to Xiaodo weight by 1 kg, if the feed cheap shipped with the process of fattening comfortable, it was noted that the coefficient of nutrition varies according to the quality of the basin, Valohawwad fertile that permit the growth and multiplication of quick small animals become a factor of nutrition which is closer to 3, while increasing for 4 in ponds bad.
Types of feed:
Basic rule in the selection of feed Carps is cheap could provide remnants of mills and waste Alhshehadp and remnants of restaurants (bread dry) as well as barley and maize after Jrchehema loss of different cake cotton, peanuts and flax sowing castor could also provide remnants of slaughter if the secured transfer quickly and could be supplied before the rot .
The amount of feed:
Vary depending on water temperature and the amount of dissolved oxygen in which the amount of natural food availability in the basin, as well as by the numbers of fish and size. Can be calculated on the basis of the quantity necessary that the increase in production to be achieved through Altaliev 100 kg / sq.m and it required about 400 kg of feed for the basin area of acres one.
Divide this quantity in the days of fattening period 6 × 30 = 180 days and granted a day in the morning. The quantity can be estimated on the basis of weight of fish in the aquarium, providing daily 2-3% by weight. Estimated fish weight by taking a sample and calculate the average weight of the fish one, and what was the number of fish in the basin can be known in this case the expense of the entire weight of the fish.
How to Feed:
Small farms can fall feed in the evening to progress in the morning the second day. The large farms could provide fodder without soaking or prepared only if the size of a grain feed a large yellow maize and castor beans in this case must Jurscha. In the event that a small fish must Jerash grains smaller than that barley, for example.
Provide feed in the same place every day of the basin area under constant surveillance, if the cumulative feed and rotting must reduce the quantity provided per day.
Fish kills:
Fish kills due to several reasons including:
1 - suffocation due to lack of oxygen: hypoxia happen as a result of what its membership and increase the density of fish dock, especially when high water temperature. Lack of oxygen to the fish appear on the surface of the water and accelerates the respiratory movements and try to take the air bubbles from the surface of the water, and if the situation continues for a long time to end this form of death of fish or mass death of most fish.
Incident shows a lack of oxygen, often in the early morning or afternoon, dealing with the situation to provide the basin with plenty of clean water and rich in oxygen to be removed phenomenon. Thus, the presence of a permanent source of water is essential for fish farming.
2 - Mortality due to poisoning: poisoning species occurring gas carbon dioxide or ammonia, gases, sulfur formed pelvic address to provide the basin with clean water as a temporary solution and fast, and the movement of fish to another marina and addresses pelvic calcification by live 50 kg / acre and displays of the drought and the heat Sun.
The poisoning of water pollution resulting from the remnants of factories or houses must work to remove the source of pollution and to make a complaint to the competent authorities to fine causes.
3 - Mortality due to the enemies of the fish: If you see between today and the other dead fish on the surface and seemed to back the effects of a deep wound, or if Glasamha or the front section of her weeping Vicu because of the bird of prey, cancer, water, fighting the enemies mentioned a hunting rifle to kill her.
4 - Mortality due to parasites: whether external parasites Kqml carp or suspended fish or rotting Alglasam which appear mostly clear with the naked eye or internal intestinal parasites. Seem fish infected with parasites is not active and does not accept the feed voraciously and mortality incidents have reflected a few numbers every day. Must be a return in this case to the competent departments to handle each case separately, the principle of treatment is the spa disinfectant for external parasites and sale of fish in the case of internal parasites as the-less valid for marketing.
5 - Mortality due to bacterial disease virus: causes too many, may appear fish prior to death very slim and delayed growth, and sometimes seemed to skin blisters and abscesses may appear as incidents of deaths directly, without warning, which could reach the mortality rate to 60% in one day, may appear the dead fish per day and relatively small numbers in all cases must be brought back immediately and without delay to the competent departments.
New Directions in Fish carp:
Appeared in the last five years, modern methods in the carp and others like him of fish, based on the principle of economy in the amount of water required and savings in the amount of land used. And become a fish in this case industry rather than agriculture.
Reared fish in small ponds of Foreign Affairs, or in the basins of glass or plastic in the buildings are closed to ensure appropriate conditions of temperature and lighting. In all these cases the water is running continuously, purified water group after use and reused after ventilation. It also provides for fish feed, such as ready-integrated, which provides fish for trout or chicken. This method is expensive and especially in our country because of high construction costs, or imported feeds and still need more experience.
Prepared by:
Dr. Abdul Wahab Al-Saadi
ليست هناك تعليقات:
إرسال تعليق